Synergy of the Tropical Earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus and Oil Palm Bagasse in the Removal of Heavy Crude Oil.

The tropical endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus, a non-standard species used in ecotoxicity, has been found in crude oil-contaminated habitats. We estimated the removal of total hydrocarbons from heavy crude "Maya" oil on an artificially contaminated soil with a median lethal concentration of P. corethrurus and an addition of oil palm bagasse. P. corethrurus had a high survival rate, and the addition of oil palm bagasse led to a greater growth and an increase in abundance of bacteria and fungi. The activity of P. corethrurus and the nutritional quality of oil palm bagasse had a significant impact on the removal of a larger amount of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. We concluded that the endogeic earthworm P. corethrurus and oil palm bagasse acted synergistically to achieve a more effective removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons from soil. These results show the potential for using P. corethrurus to remove, either directly or indirectly, crude oil from soil.

Substrate evaluation for biobeds in the degradation of ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate in wastewater from pesticide application in banana.

The efficacy of biobeds was evaluated by testing three agricultural residues (sugarcane top, banana stem, and eucalyptus chip) as substrates for the degradation of ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate (EBDC) and ethylene thiourea (ETU) in wastewater from banana spraying. Acrylic columns with a capacity to treat 1 L/ea. of wastewater were used as experimental units. Each unit was filled with different proportions of the test substrate (30%, 50% and 70% v/v) and the difference in volume was made up of equal parts of sugar cane cachasse and Fluvisol soil. Subsequently, the units were contaminated with suspensions of 878 mgL-1 of EBDC, and the dose was repeated periodically. The ETU concentration and leachate toxicity were evaluated every month for six months. The mixtures with 30% sugarcane top and 50% eucalyptus chip gave the best results, with leachable ETU concentrations down to a level protective of the environment, and toxicity down to background levels or nearly so. This was only found in mixtures with a high C:N ratio (20-25), thus, the effectiveness of the biobeds appears to be related to high lignolytic activity. .

Soil Odor as An Extra-Official Criterion for Qualifying Remediation Projects of Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil.

Unfortunately, many property owners in southeastern Mexico do not trust environmental authorities, and the de facto method they use to evaluate the progress in environmental remediation projects is soil smell. This criterion was evaluated to determine if it was reliable to assess soil fertility and toxicity. Three soils (Fluvisol, Gleysol, and Arenosol), were contaminated with 2% medium or heavy crude oil (30.2, 17.1°API, respectively), and treated for 18 months to simulate bioremediation or natural attenuation. Every two months, field capacity, water repellency, hydrocarbon concentration, acute toxicity and soil odor were measured. Odor was measured in controlled conditions with a group of unexperienced panelists. During remediation, the Fluvisol and Gleysol were perceived to have an odor intensity between slight to low, and were considered acceptable. Meanwhile, in the Arenosol, the odor intensity was between low to medium and was considered unacceptable. After treatment, the hydrocarbon concentration was reduced to low levels, very near Mexican norm, and all the soils, including the Arenosol, were perceived to have an intensity between neutral to slightly agreeable, were considered acceptable, and no toxicity was observed in the earthworm bioassay (no false positives). However, in various soil samples from the Fluvisol and Arenosol, important risks were present with respect to field capacity and water repellency. Due to these observations, even though soil smell may be a trustworthy guide to soil toxicity, it does not ensure that the remediated soil's fertility has been restored.

Concentración rssidual de hidrocarburos en suel del trópico. ii: afectación a la fertilidad y su recuperación / Residual concentration of hydrocarbons in soil inthe tropics. ii: impacts to ferrtility and reclamation / Concentraço resiidual de hidrocarbonetos em solo do trópic. ii: afetação da fertilidade e sua recuperação

En este trabajo se evalúan factores de fertilidad con respecto a los criterios de saneamiento de suelo contaminado con hidrocarburos en un ambiente tropical rural. Aunque la toxicidad puede afectar la fertilidad en derrames recientes, en general este tipo de impacto es mínimo para derrames antiguos y en suelos que han sido remediados y que tienen concentraciones <25000mg TPH/kg de suelo (base seca). Sin embargo, en concentraciones aún muy bajas (~2500mg TPH/kg) se observan afectaciones en el crecimiento de la vegetación e impactos en varios parámetros físico-químicos de fertilidad, particularmente sobre la capacidad de campo, temperatura, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, repelencia al agua, y porosidad. Estos impactos de toxicidad, así como los cambios en parámetros físico-químicos, pueden ser mitigados con el empleo de abonos orgánicos en concentraciones de 1-4%, resultando en un crecimiento vigoroso de la vegetación en un ambiente tropical húmedo impactado. Se presentan lineamientos de parámetros edáficos como criterios de saneamiento para suelos típicos del trópico.

In this article factors related to fertility are evaluated with respect to clean up criteria for soil in a tropical rural environment. Although toxicity can affect fertility in recent spills, in general this kind of impact is minimal for old spills and in soils that have been remediated and that have <25000mg TPH/kg of soil (dry weight). Nonetheless, even in very low concentrations (~2500mg/kg) vegetation growth is affected and impacts are observed in various physical-chemical fertility parameters, especially field capacity, temperature, cation exchange capacity, water repellency, and porosity. These toxicity impacts, as well as changes in physical-chemical parameters, can be mitigated with the use of organic amendments in concentrations of 1-4%, resulting in the vigorous growth of vegetation in an impacted humid tropical environment. Guidelines for soil parameters as clean up criteria are presented for soils typical of the tropics.

Neste trabalho são avaliados fatores de fertilidade em relação aos critérios de saneamento de solo contaminado com hidrocarbonetos em um ambiente tropical rural. Mesmo que a toxicidade por vazamentos recentes possa afetar a fertilidade, em geral é mínimo este tipo de impacto em vazamentos antigos e em solos que têm sido remediados e que têm concentrações <25.000mg TPH/kg de solo (base seca). No entanto, em concentrações ainda mais baixas (~2,500mg TPH/kg) se observam afetações no crescimento da vegetação e impactos em vários parâmetros físico-químicos de fertilidade, particularmente sobre a capacidade de campo, temperatura, capacidade de intercâmbio catiônico, repelência à água, e porosidade. Estes impactos de toxicidade, assim como as mudanças em parâmetros físico-químicos, podem ser mitigados com o emprego de adubos orgânicos em concentrações de 1-4%, resultando em um crescimento vigoroso da vegetação em um ambiente tropical úmido impactado. Apresentam-se lineamentos de parâmetros edáficos como critérios de saneamento para solos típicos do trópico.